Circuit Wiring Solution: the

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Monday, November 17, 2014

Track the damage capacitors elco with ESR meter

All technicians must have the same experience that the old models of aircraft generally have several common Elco its dry or down in value, mainly found in many brands of china plane. Eco is dry can cause a variety of disorders that are sometimes difficult to trace or even be able to make certain parts do not work at all, especially if used on a circuit that works at such high frequency SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) and the horizontal. Elco dry technicians sometimes make headaches and time consuming when you track the damage.

Many technicians get around this problem by directly replacing all existing Elko, the Elko-regardless of whether Elko is corrupt or not. It is generally quite successful. But sometimes the quality is not good substitutes Elko, so the damaged aircraft back after use for some time. Replace all of Elko is also a problem for yourself if the circuit is improved a lot using Elko. The use of ESR-meter proved to be the most appropriate choice to solve the above problems. We suggest that ESR-meter is a must-have tool for every technician after avo-meter.

Using ESR-meter weve made themselves at a cost of less than 50,000 rupiah we recorded a lot of advantages such as:

Elko track damaged by the time more quickly because they do not need to remove the Elko (in-circuit tester) one by one.
Elko only replaced damaged
Can be used to check the quality of new and used Elko. It is certainly advantageous to utilize part of the former ex-change machine pcb. Sometimes the plane is damaged due to repeated just posted a new Elko was poor quality.
Elko that if the check using the ohm-meter sometimes the results are deceptive. Because if you checked with ESR ESR-meter turns his already large.
Can be used to check the flyback is short in the primary coil (between the B + with a pin-pin-collectors), def a short yoke, the power tranfo a short primer.
To find out if re-chargeable batteries are still good. Re-chargeable battery that is damaged ESR was generally higher when compared to a still good.
To keep track of printed lines leaking / short
By comparing the capacitors are still good, ESR-meter can be used to check the value of thousands pf capacitor.

Note:

ESR meter can not be to find Elko leak or short. Fortunately rare short Elko damage.
ESR meter to check the fit only Elko with values ranging 0.47uF and above.

Does ESR it actually?Parameters are generally owned by a Elko understood by engineers is the "maximum working voltage" and "capacitance value". In the real case there are several other parameters such as the "maximum working temperature" (85 or 105 degrees C) and "ESR" (Equivalent Series Resistance).Unless the practice is capacitive in Elko also has the characteristics of "resistive" caused by a combination of resistance to the legs, internal connections, plates and electrolyte. Thus form a resistive characteristic ESR, because if it is portrayed as if such be installed in series with the capacitance of Elko.Ideally, an Elko ESR is zero, but in practice this is impossible.Elko High voltage tends to have larger ESR than the low voltage ElkoElko with small values tend to have higher ESR values greater than Elko.Elko 105 degrees (C) tend to have higher ESR than Elko 85 degrees (C).

What Is the ESR-meter?

ESR meter is a kind of ohm-meter that can be used to measure the amount of "resistance" of Elko. Difference if the ohm-meter using a dc current (direct current) to drive the meter, then use the ESR meter ac (alternating current) with a standard frequency 150Khz. As had been explained that ideally Elko its ESR is zero. But this is not possible in practice. Elko good quality 10uF value is close to zero or more generally.

What is the cause of ESR Elko subject to change.

The first is caused because of the connection quality is poor constituents. It can be found in Elko Elko New and old.
Both are caused due to dry the liquid electrolyte due to evaporate or leak, which can be found at the old Elko. Are the consequences of large ESR Elko turned into?

Consequences of changing the value of ESR Elko

Elko is a working principle can be "in-fill and waste of" electric charge repeatedly. Thus ESR Elko-charging current will be passed this exile repeatedly in accordance with the working frequency of the circuit. And we certainly have understood that if bypassed resistor will generate heat flows in accordance with the magnitude of the current strength through resistance value and the corresponding magnitude. Similarly, the Elko with ESR, the greater the greater the ESR value of the heat arising in Elko, and the higher the frequency the greater the heat generated. This heat can eventually cause the electrolyte evaporates into a gas and seeped out, so the value of Elko will turn down. In the specific cases heat can even make Elko explode.
On a circuit that works at high frequencies Elko should have zero resistance to the high frequency signal. If the ESR of the resistance turned into Elko is no longer zero, and if the resistance value change is large enough to make the workings of the chaotic circuit.

Our experience with the use of ESR meter in the aircraft repair older model (the old plane), the first one we always do is:

Check out all the Elko with ESR-meter at the SMPS, Horizontal and Vertical and immediately replace it if the ESR problem.
Check visually (with a magnifying glass if necessary) solder-solder on the SMPS, the output Horizontal, Vertical output, and the CRT socket pcb and soldering again if there appears a problem or suspicious solder it.
Both of these were able to eliminate the difficulties that may arise and difficult to trace, so the use of ESR meter can shorten repair time.

How to use homemade ESR meter (calibration)

Once the tool is finished
Collect some old Elko is still good. Find Elko pcb traces of the plane, made in Japan or Europe the original (former aircraft engine change) because of generally good quality for use as a reference.
Grouped on the basis of a value less dar 2.2uF, 4.7uF is less than, less than and greater than 10uF 10uF.
Try using the ESR-meter to measure each group, and mark the position of the needle meter on each group
These markers can be used as a reference to the appointment of Elko ESR is still good.
If the meter needle to deviate less from the reference mark, the mean ESR Elko is not good.

Sunday, October 19, 2014

Basically the DAC circuit

Since the discovery of Silicon and Germanium semiconductor material then quickly there was a revolution in terms of simplicity and accuracy of an electronic circuit. Besides, with the implementation of digital circuits will support at all in terms of data storage and mobility. Lots of data can now be operated with a computer is a data converted from analog signals. For example a voice signal or analog form of video can be played and stored using a computer after analog signals are converted into digital data.

Advantages possessed by the digital data than analog signal is a certainty the nature of the data or logic. Digital data only can be divided into two kinds of logic high "1" and logic low "0". Logic 1 represents 5 volts and low logic voltage 0 volts represents. Examples of the advantages of digital signals over analog signals is on television or digital radio receiver. By implementing a digital system signals emitted by television or radio stations will form the data 1 and 0, so at the time of the transmission or delivery of data signals that change or damaged by the interruption of transmission will hardly change the logic of the signals. But if the transmitted signal is the original signal in the form of an analog signal then if just a little damage due to interruption of transmission, the signal to be received is a signal that has been damaged serve targeted.

In the DAC circuit above uses two LM741 Op-Amp IC is often used as an amplifier. IC1 to function as a producer of analog signal is reversed, and turned back IC2 function signal from IC1. Basic circuit of the DAC is a common amplifier circuit, only used a variation of several resistors in order to obtain a regular reinforcement signal. Rules that must be understood from this DAC circuit is the value of resistors on the input op-amp. The value for the resistor at high bit (R4) should be 2x the amplifier resistor (R5), then for the next bit should be 2x the resistor value at a higher bit. So if the circuit uses 4-bit DAC is the unit bit (lowest bit) is the value of bits to be 8x-4. From the picture above the unit bit is represented by resistor 80 Kohm.

Sample Conditions:
- 0001 (1) = switch SW1 closed and others opened, the voltage output produced is (5K/80K) x 9 volt = 0.5625 volts
- 0010 (2) = SW2 is closed and another switch is opened, the output voltage is (5K/40K) x 9 volts = 1.125 volts
- 0011 (3) = SW1 and SW2 is closed and another switch is opened, the voltage output is (5K/Rparalel 80K and 40K) x 9 volt = (5K/26, 667K) X 9 volt = 1.6875 volts
- 1000 (8) = SW4 is closed and another switch is opened, the output voltage is (5K/10K) x 9 volts = 4.5 volts.

From the above calculation can be concluded that unlicensed with a voltage output proportional to the input conditions, eg for 1 decimal is 0.5625 volts then, decimal 2 = 2 x 0.5625 = 1125 volts, decimal 3 = 3 x 0.5625 = 1.6875 volts, and so on. This condition is due to the parallel relationship between the input resistors.

Sunday, September 7, 2014

Simple Surround audio amplifier circuit based on the IC TDA7053

Perhaps the surround amplifier circuit below is an interesting circuit is made. For, making easy just by using the IC and electrolytic capacitor added 1 , we already can hear the strains of music with sound ( Front Left ,Right and surround Right , Left. In addition to listening to music , this amplifier is also very suitable for gamers who want good sound quality.

Minimum voltage requred 9 volts and maximum of 15 volts. Power Output of each speaker 10 Watt with 4 ohm impedance.

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

LED Pulsere circuit for the Christmas Star

This schema can be used to decorate your Christmas star.Here the LED light up gradually and disappear gradually.you can attach 6 LEDs for this.Supply 4.5v - 6v for this schema.Here we have used femous IC LM358 .So you all will be able to find that IC easily.

Parts

IC1__________LM358 Low Power Dual Op-amp

Q1___________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor

R1,R2___________4K7 1/4W Resistors

R3_____________22K 1/4W Resistor

R4______________2M2 1/4W Resistor

R5_____________10K 1/4W Resistor

R6_____________47R 1/4W Resistor

C1______________1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor

D1_____________5mm. Red LED

Tuesday, August 26, 2014

Basic devices in the car audio system

Entertainment in the form of music, news or even movies, generated from a series of audio devices found in a car. The series device known as a car audio system.

What tool or device contained in car audio system?

Car Head Unit - Head unit is the core of a car audio system, part of the car audio system that plays sound. The continued development of technology makes the head unit is no longer only serve as a radio receiver FM / AM CD player and a player, some have additional functions to be able to play MP3s. There is also a car head unit that has the ability to play DVDs complete with monitors and can be connected with IPOD.
Power Amplifier - The function of the power amplifier is to amplify the signal coming out of the head unit. In the world of various types of car audio power amplifiers are divided into several classes, such as class A, B, AB, and D. Each class power amplifier has the advantage that its usefulness can be tailored to our needs in building a car audio system. In addition to class division, the division of power amplifiers can also be seen from the number of channels (channels) and the amount of power generated by the power amplifier.
Speaker - A device that functions convert electronic signals into audible sound. The speakers were divided into several parts / components, namely, subwoofers, woofers, mid-range, and tweeter. In order for speakers to work properly, required a series of electronic components that serves as a filter (cross over).
Processor - With advances in technology processors play a significant role in a car system. Inside there is a processor features like time correction, cross-over-active, etc. equalizer. With the functions it will be very easy at the time of tuning car audioaudio system.

Tuesday, August 19, 2014

Solve buzzing and noise on the amplifier circuit

Power amplifiers that we sometimes raises a raft of small drone as groundingless than perfect.The following are some ways to cope with the hum of the power amplifier:

1. Keep sensitive circuits of the transformer, casing dimensions are not too small.One blog even suggested to use two-bok, bok special one for the transformer. For the toroid transformer or amplifier with a large transformer, should only contain a series of power amps, with no tone control.

2. Change the position of the transformer, side by side into the lower side (the transformer is high) withfacing a series of sensitive posts

3. Use a spacer on each PCB board as high as half the height of the transformer, eg as high as 2.5 cm or more so that the PCB board parallel to the core / center of the transformer, here the effect of the weakest fields.

4. We recommend using a stereo module instead of two mono modulesThis avoids wiring errors. If forced to, try to sizecable between the right and left modules as long and as short as possible.

5. Should take the ground path for the speaker of ct ct elco instead of the transformer,if the board pcb mounted two big elco (like elco power supply), takeground path of the speakers here, and check to hear!

6. Power supply for radio (TX or RX) is very sensitive, use a capacitor4x100nf, 4 pairs of these capacitors in parallel to each mem-diode (bridge).

7. At the tone control circuit IC op-amp that uses a symmetric power supply,sufficient ground wiring is taken from the signal ground wires only. shouldIC power supply (7812) installed near the main power supply, notmounted near the tone control.

8. Always use a stereo cable shrouded perfect (color stereo cablered-white-covered ground and wrapped in transparent skin.

9. For power supply, use capacitors of 2200uF per ampere elco

10. Zoom and ground wires as short as possible, especially a pair of elco (ct line between elco) power supply (can be tried for the amplifier blazer)

11. For the amplifier should be mounted to the computer casing when not in the ground soil is diground PC casing soil

12. Pairs of each kit to the circuit without passing groundnya nut / baud / spacer. Do not let the existing ground line at the hole pcb connected to the casing / box. Do not follow this ground. ground attached to the casing should have one. if necessary use a plastic spacerovercome the noise:

1. Use the active component (IC) that qualified as TL084, TL074, notLM324. LM324 any brand of noise. TL084 is more guaranteed authentic yellow (ST), not white. For now, the IC TL084 is printed white-work unstable frequencyhigh (treble breaks and more noise). For IC 4558 (NE5532) use plain white silk screening JRC4558D or TL072 - TL082 yellow, LF353 noise. LM741 (NE5534) can be replaced with the Hitachi HA17741, LF351 noise may also, has never been tried.we do not have to look for the brand and the price is more expensive because it is the most low noise.

2. If necessary, the circuit power amplifier OCL, lowering its gain by lowering the value ofresistor in the path gain from 33k to 22k speaker, mimics the gain-clone lower amplifier noise.

3. Should simplify the circuit, the circuit is too complex is more susceptible to noise and interference.

4. Should then potentio / volume mounted on the input-power amplifier, such as professional amplifier without tone control.